Innocent and dependent Compliant and capable of only consuming knowledge Knowledgeable and meaning-makers Vulnerable and in need of protection

It assigns comparative ranks to the students. It occurs during as well as after the learning activity. It focuses on what the child cannot do rather than what they can do. It centres around tests and exams at the end of the year.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

growth and maturation nutrition and discipline heredity and environment gender identity and genetic make-up

genetic predispositions ethnic factors environmental factors hereditary factors

ask only those questions which carry single answers. discourage the students from asking doubts and questions. give questions that involve inferences and explanations. avoid questions which need inference and analysis.

Linguistic Intelligence Inter-personal Intelligence Naturalistic Intelligence Bodily- Kinesthetics Intelligence

It often implies enhanced intrinsic motivation and belief in the entity view of ability. It often implies enhanced intrinsic motivation and belief in the incremental view of ability. It often implies enhanced extrinsic motivation and belief in the entity view of ability. It often implies enhanced extrinsic motivation and belief in the incremental view of ability.

Provide the student with the answer to the problem so the group can move on. Encourage the student to try to solve the problem on her own. Assign a different task to the student that is better suited to her abilities. Work through the problem with the student and providing guidance and feedback as needed while involving other group members.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Personality development Emotional development Psychosocial development Cognitive development

(i), (iv) (ii), (iii) (i), (ii), (iii) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Language does not shape thought Thought shapes language Language and thought are independent of each other Language and thought are complex interrelated processes of development

Criterion - referenced assessment : includes mastery of specific topics Norm - references assessment : compares performance to that of peers Formative assessment : determining what the students can do before and after the class Summative assessment : involves paper - pencil tests as well as detailed accounts of nonwritten behaviours

electronically formatted lecture transcriptions printed textbooks and notes raised-line drawings and maps tactile models of graphic materials

Quantitative research approach Posing moral dilemmas to children and analyzing responses Conducting observations of children during play Experimental method

discovery meaningless rote receptive

Through systematic phonological training. By providing higher grade level reading texts. By giving long and complex passages. Through association method of conditioning.

Behaviour should be conditioned using rewards and punishments. Concepts should be taught in a sequence of complex to simple. Curriculum should be designed keeping children’s age-group and stage in mind. Focus of teaching should be the outcome of the activity instead of the process of thinking.

Giving students marks instead of qualitative feedback on their performance. Encouraging students to reflect on their own learning and thinking processes. Providing students with summarised notes for assignments. Assigning homework that requires memorization and recall.

All autistic people have at least one exceptional skill. Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder. Autism is caused solely by environmental factors. Autism can be cured and improves with age.

Their views of relationship between language and thought. Focus on stage-like progression in children’s development. Involvement and engagement of children in their own learning. The role of culture in the cognitive processes.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Conditioned learning Rote learning Expository teaching Reciprocal teaching

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Children are dependent on adults while adults are independent. Adults are much more knowledgeable than children. Children’s thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults. Children’s thinking is quantitatively different from that of adults.

The capital city of India is __________ How many States are there in India ? What is the total population of India ? What are the various causes of increase of population in India ?

Recognize that every child will learn at the same rate and at the same time. Is an educational program offered to cater to the needs of ‘special children’. Are meant to offer differentiated instructions as per individual differences. Aim to remove all kinds of differences among the children.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.