Best works portfolio Growth and learning progress portfolio Standardized achievement test Standardized intelligence test

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Luck Task difficulty Lack of effort Lack of ability

Providing students with work that is completely unrelated to their current level of understanding. Providing students with work that is just beyond their current level of understanding, with appropriate support and guidance. Providing no support to students and leaving them to struggle on their own. Providing students with work that they can manage and complete individually.

The teacher is the primary source of knowledge. The teacher serves as a facilitator. The teacher implements the prescribed curriculum ‘as it is’. The teacher leaves the children on their own to work independently.

Everyone processes and understands the world in the same way. Human beings differ in their abilities in different domains. Intelligence has only one dimension. Intelligence is only about ‘practical’ learning.

Action-based, image-based, symbol-based Image-based, symbol-based, action-based Symbol-based, action-based, image-based Symbol-based, image-based, action-based

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Development is a discontinuous process. Development occurs in a spiral manner, not linear. Development proceeds from specific to general. Different aspects of development are independent to each other.

Processes of adaptation Use of inner speech Process of equilibration Use of self-reinforcement

Lecture method Showing videos Showing power point presentation Guided discovery

Rote Rehearsal Mnemonics Concept Mapping Elaborative Rehearsal

It is open-ended and allows for multiple answers. It is based primarily on factual information. It requires analysis and evaluation of information. It promotes higher-level thinking and problem-solving skills.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Egocentrism Object permanence Conservation Assimilation

(i) (ii) (i), (iii), (iv) (ii), (iii), (iv)

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Learning Disabilities Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Cerebral palsy

Activities are related to their context. Focus of learning is repetition and memorization. Socio-emotional needs of learners are ignored. Their prior knowledge is discarded and negated.

Have difficulties in reading due to their poor sight. Have problems in regulating their emotions. Have confusion with letter and alphabets that look alike. Have very low IQ as diagnosed through standard intelligence tests.

Deductive period Intuitive period Native period Sensitive period

Gender stereotypes Gender discriminations Gender identity Gender typing

‘Special children’ always work on their own curriculum. All children have access to and are included in classroom activities. ‘Special’ children are looked upon as needy and dependent. All children follow same curriculum and uniform pedagogy is adopted.

To enable students to develop procedural knowledge. To assess students’ knowledge and understanding skills. To promote higher-level thinking and problem-solving skills. To encourage students to memorize information.

Learning is an individualistic process that occurs in isolation. Learning occurs only in a classroom or formal educational setting. Learning is a passive process that occurs solely through observation. Learning is a social process of meaning making.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are false.

Quantitative change Qualitative change Change in affective domain Change in cognitive domain

Social concern and conscience Morality of individual rights and democratically accepted law Orientation towards punishment and obedience Instrumental purpose and exchange

Gifted children are free from risk of learning disability. Gifted children excel in all areas. Gifted children are always happy and popular. Gifted students learn at comparatively advanced pace than other students.

Classification and seriation Conservation and abstract thinking Imitation and reversibility Symbolic play and animism