Children are a distinct life-stage that hold importance because of 'what they would become as adults' rather than 'what they are as children'. Children are naturally 'good' and society corrupts them. Children are naturally 'uncivilized' and socialization is necessary to make them moral human beings. Children are born in a social, cultural, economic context and this background influences

Psycho-social Physical Cognitive Linguistic

Gender identity; genetically determined Gender roles; culturally defined Gender roles; genetically determined Gender identity; culturally defined

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

Previous knowledge doesn't play any role in the process of learning. Biological factors such as maturation don't play any role in cognitive development. Learning experiences depend on children's current level of cognitive functioning. Memorization should be prioritized over learning through experience.

effective adoption to the environment process a collaborative process an individual activity a unified process

Independent domain which is not related to cognition. cultural tool which facilitates cognition in multiple ways. form of egocentric speech used to only fulfill basic needs. hinderance to the development of cognitive abilities.

A student studies hard to further her own growth. A student studies hard to achieve a deep understanding of a topic. A student studies hard to get a good grade and be better than others. A student studies hard to learn as much as possible from the teacher.

practice reciprocal teaching with her students. discourage the use of cultural tools by students. disseminate the knowledge to be memorized by the students. encourage students to compete with each other.

(iii), (iv), (i) (i), (ii) (i), (iii) (i), (ii), (iii)

Reciprocal teaching Conditioned learning Receptive learning Expository teaching

Cognitive conflict Metacognition Memory Cognition

Intelligence can successfully predict academic success. Intelligences change over time. Intelligence is primarily inherited. Intelligence can be measured accurately and predicated precisely.

perform superior skills of imaginative play. acquire advanced socio-emotional reciprocity. demonstrate advanced communication skills. express strict adherence to routine or steps.

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

To identify the areas where students may need additional support or instruction. To give students the opportunity to critically assess the work of their peers. To identify the attitude patterns of students and design a career guidance programme as per their needs. To provide feedback to the teacher about their teaching methods.

Give severe punishment so that it is not repeated in future Give her the solution to the problem Tell her to skip the problem and move on to the next one Encourage her to keep trying and offer scaffolding when needed

Private speech, effective in self-regulation; egocentric speech, a sign of cognitive immaturity Egocentric speech, a sign of cognitive immaturity; private speech, effective in self-regulation Egocentric speech, effective in self-regulation; private speech, a sign of cognitive immaturity Private speech, a sign of cognitive immaturity; egocentric speech, effective in self-regulation

Practicing forms of labelling and categorization of learners. Giving all learners various ways of acquiring information and knowledge. Providing all learners alternatives for demonstrating what the learners know. Tapping into all learners' interests and offering challenges accordingly.

It takes into account effects of culture and gender on moral reasoning. It does not specify exact stages for progression of moral development in children. It is based on the study done through experimental methods. It presents conflicting situations to children.

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

Who was the leader of Germany during World War II? In which year did World War II end? Which countries were directly involved in the World War II? Which factors contributed to the outbreak of World War II?

Frequency modulated transmission devices; are an auditory system. Braille, is a tactile system. Braille, is an auditory system. Frequency modulated transmission devices; are a tactile system.

Lecturing on the topic and providing students with detailed notes. Assigning a project in which students must memorize and present information on a topic. Providing students with open-ended questions to come up with their own solutions. Giving students multiple-choice tests to assess their knowledge.

A rubric given to students at the beginning of a project, outlining what they need to do to achieve a certain grade. A final exam that covers all the material learned throughout the term. A quiz and brainstorming at the beginning of class to check for prior knowledge. A standardized test used to compare students across the country.

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true but (R) is false.

Providing students with a step-by-step guide on how to complete a task related to the new material. Lecturing on new material and providing students with a list of key terms to memorize. Assign students to read the textbook chapter and answer questions at the end. Ask students to share their own experiences related to the new material and then connect them to the topic.

Tries to encourage children to do better by promoting competitive spirit. Identifies 'deficits' in children and correctly labels them. Segregates children based on differing academic capabilities. Modifies the curriculum and pedagogical strategies to suit varied needs of children.