Which can be the best way to save water and why ? Where does water come from in your city ? How many states and how many capitals are there in your country ? What is the name of your country and its geographical location on the map ?

Evidence should be evaluated in a logical and systematic way. Evidence should be accepted without analysis. Evidence is irrelevant to critical thinking. Evidence should be ignored in favour of personal opinion.

Standard curriculum for all learners Segregation and categorisation of students on the basis of their abilities Provisioning of only vocational education to learners with special needs Flexibility in the curriculum as a result of recognition of individual differences

(A) is true, but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

A, B and C B and C B, C and D A and B

Hearing impairment can affect a child’s ability to communicate effectively. All children with hearing impairment need to use ‘sign language’ to communicate. Hearing impairment of a child can be reliably tested by making loud noises near the child. Hearing impairment is always due to a physical problem with the ear.

enrichment; acceleration modification; accommodation acceleration; enrichment accommodation; modification

Knowledge is subjective. Learners construct knowledge in their social and cultural context. Learners need to be extrinsically motivated to ensure effective learning. Knowledge is pluralistic and multiple.

Completing the project to impress the teacher Playing a musical instrument for personal enjoyment Studying to avoid being scolded Participating in a competition for the prize money

(A) is true, but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Mastery goals are focused on avoiding failure, while performance goals are focused on gaining approval and recognition from others. Mastery goals are focused on improving one’s own skills and understanding of a task, while performance goals are focused on achieving a high grade or receiving external rewards. Mastery goals are focused on gaining approval from others, while performance goals are focused on avoiding failure. Mastery goals are focused on achieving a certain level of performance for competing with others, while performance goals are focused on improving one’s own skills and understanding of a task.

are different than relationships with parents and peers and play an important role in socialization throughout childhood. are similar to relationships with parents and peers and play an important role in socialization throughout childhood. play an important role only during early childhood. do not have much role in socialization.

(A) is true, but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Development of language is totally dependent on genetics. Language and cognition are complexly interrelated. Development is disorderly and unpredictable. There is a sensitive period of language development.

by encouraging them to study in multiple distractions. by providing higher grade level reading texts. through use of strict punishment to ensure corrective reading. through systemic phonological training.

learners’ abilities and needs are diverse which cannot be catered to without focusing on standard instructions. learners are passive recipients and the teacher has the ‘right’ knowledge. learners can construct knowledge when provided with a facilitative environment to do so. learners know little and teaching involves transmission of facts to students.

Encourage him to brainstorm and generate ideas Tell him to give up on the problem Discourage him from experimenting and taking risks Provide him with the answers

fear of punishment and embarrassment co-operative learning competitive ethos conditioning and reinforcement

is discontinuous in nature. is an unfolding of genetic programming. results directly from maturation. results directly from social interaction.

vary vastly across the various cultures in the world. illustrate that children’s minds are miniature adult minds. are dependent upon the genetic codes of the children. represent universal patterns of development of children.

It overemphasizes the role of language in cognitive development. It does not account for individual differences in cognitive development. It does not account for the role of biological factors in cognitive development. It does not account for the influence of culture and social factors on cognitive development.

(A) is true, but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

B and D B and C B, C and D A

gender roles; throughout childhood and into adulthood gender constancy; initially during adolescence gender stereotypes; only during middle childhood gender bias; mainly during early childhood

Intelligence is not influenced by environmental factors. Intelligence is not influenced by genetic factors. IQ tests are the only measure of intelligence. Intelligence is multidimensional and can change over time.

Jean Piaget Howard Gardner Lev Vygotsky Charles Spearman

ignoring gender differences in moral reasoning. not applying quantitative methods of analysis. presenting a stage-theory of moral development. collecting data by means of real-life situations.

Providing frequent grades and feedback to motivate students Encouraging students to reflect on their own learning and evaluate their progress Assigning texts to students to memorize Providing students with detailed instructions

(A) is true, but (R) is false. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Both (A) and (R) are false. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

first introduces the concept in its symbolic form and then moves to its physical form. first discusses what is not known to the student and then comes to what the student already knows. first introduces the concept overall and then moves on to the intricacies of it. first discusses the concepts in terms of logic and reason and then grants opportunity to verify the ideas.